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An experimental characterization of human torso motion

Daniele CAFOLLA,I-Ming CHEN,Marco CECCARELLI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第10卷第4期页码 311-325 doi: 10.1007/s11465-015-0352-z

摘要：

The torso plays an important role in the human-like operation of humanoids. In this paper, a method is proposed to analyze the behavior of the human torso by using inertial and magnetic sensing tools. Experiments are conducted to characterize the motion performance of the human torso during daily routine operations. Furthermore, the forces acting on the human body during these operations are evaluated to design and validate the performance of a humanoid robot.

关键词： experimental biomechanics human torso analysis inertial sensor characterization

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Biomechanics of knee joint – A review

Bhaskar Kumar MADETI,Srinivasa Rao CHALAMALASETTI,S K Sundara siva rao BOLLA PRAGADA

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第10卷第2期页码 176-186 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0306-x

摘要：

The present paper is to know how the work is carried out in the field of biomechanics of knee. Various model formulations are discussed and further classified into mathematical model, two-dimensional model and three-dimensional model. Knee geometry is a crucial part of human body movement, in which how various views of knee is shown in different planes and how the forces act on tibia and femur are studied. It leads to know the forces acting on the knee joint. Experimental studies of knee geometry and forces acting on knee shown by various researchers have been discussed, and comparisons of results are made. In addition, static and dynamic analysis of knee has been also discussed respectively to some extent.

关键词： biomechanics knee geometry ligaments squat femorotibial joint finite element method

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Modeling and simulation of normal and hemiparetic gait

Lely A. LUENGAS,Esperanza CAMARGO,Giovanni SANCHEZ

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第10卷第3期页码 233-241 doi: 10.1007/s11465-015-0343-0

摘要：

Gait is the collective term for the two types of bipedal locomotion, walking and running. This paper is focused on walking. The analysis of human gait is of interest to many different disciplines, including biomechanics, human-movement science, rehabilitation and medicine in general. Here we present a new model that is capable of reproducing the properties of walking, normal and pathological. The aim of this paper is to establish the biomechanical principles that underlie human walking by using Lagrange method. The constraint forces of Rayleigh dissipation function, through which to consider the effect on the tissues in the gait, are included. Depending on the value of the factor present in the Rayleigh dissipation function, both normal and pathological gait can be simulated. First of all, we apply it in the normal gait and then in the permanent hemiparetic gait. Anthropometric data of adult person are used by simulation, and it is possible to use anthropometric data for children but is necessary to consider existing table of anthropometric data. Validation of these models includes simulations of passive dynamic gait that walk on level ground. The dynamic walking approach provides a new perspective of gait analysis, focusing on the kinematics and kinetics of gait. There have been studies and simulations to show normal human gait, but few of them have focused on abnormal, especially hemiparetic gait. Quantitative comparisons of the model predictions with gait measurements show that the model can reproduce the significant characteristics of normal gait.

关键词： bipedal gait biomechanics dynamic walking gait model human gait hemiparetic human gait

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Characterization of the surface and interfacial properties of the lamina splendens

Joe T. REXWINKLE, Heather K. HUNT, Ferris M. PFEIFFER

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第2期页码 234-252 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0409-2

摘要：

Joint disease affects approximately 52.5 million patients in the United States alone, costing 80.8 billion USD in direct healthcare costs. The development of treatment programs for joint disease and trauma requires accurate assessment of articular cartilage degradation. The articular cartilage is the interfacial tissue between articulating surfaces, such as bones, and acts as low-friction interfaces. Damage to the lamina splendens, which is the articular cartilage’s topmost layer, is an early indicator of joint degradation caused by injury or disease. By gaining comprehensive knowledge on the lamina splendens, particularly its structure and interfacial properties, researchers could enhance the accuracy of human and animal biomechanical models, as well as develop appropriate biomimetic materials for replacing damaged articular cartilage, thereby leading to rational treatment programs for joint disease and injury. Previous studies that utilize light, electron, and force microscopy techniques have found that the lamina splendens is composed of collagen fibers oriented parallel to the cartilage surface and encased in a proteoglycan matrix. Such orientation maximizes wear resistance and proteoglycan retention while promoting the passage of nutrients and synovial fluid. Although the structure of the lamina splendens has been explored in the literature, the low-friction interface of this tissue remains only partially characterized. Various functional models are currently available for the interface, such as pure boundary lubrication, thin films exuded under pressure, and sheets of trapped proteins. Recent studies suggest that each of these lubrication models has certain advantages over one another. Further research is needed to fully model the interface of this tissue. In this review, we summarize the methods for characterizing the lamina splendens and the results of each method. This paper aims to serve as a resource for existing studies to date and a roadmap of the investigations needed to gain further insight into the lamina splendens and the progression of joint disease.

关键词： cartilage lamina splendens characterization biomechanics orthopaedic review

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Stiffness analysis and experimental validation of robotic systems

Giuseppe CARBONE

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第6卷第2期页码 182-196 doi: 10.1007/s11465-011-0221-3

摘要：

Stiffness can be considered of primary importance in order to guarantee the successful use of any robotic system for a given task. Therefore, this paper proposes procedures for carrying out both numerical and experimental estimations of stiffness performance for multibody robotic systems. The proposed numerical procedure is based on models with lumped parameters for deriving the Cartesian stiffness matrix. Stiffness performance indices are also proposed for comparing stiffness performance. Then, an experimental procedure for the evaluation stiffness performance is proposed as based on a new measuring system named as Milli-CATRASYS (Milli Cassino Tracking System) and on a trilateration technique. Cases of study are reported to show the soundness and engineering feasibility of both the proposed numerical formulation for stiffness analysis and experimental validation of stiffness performance.

关键词： robotics stiffness performance numerical and experimental estimations

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Numerical simulation and experimental research on the wheel brush sampling process of an asteroid sampler

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0732-0

摘要： To examine the environmental characteristics of the microgravity force and the weathered layer on an asteroid surface, a symmetric wheel brush asteroid sampler is proposed for the collection of particles on the asteroid surface. To study the influence of the wheel brush rotation speed on the sampling efficiency and the driving torque required for the wheel brush, the contact dynamics model between particles and sampling wheel brushes is established and a simulation and experimental verification of the sampling process are conducted. The parameter calibration of the sampled particles is studied first, and the calibrated particle parameters are used in the numerical simulation of the sampling process. The sampling results and the particle stream curves are obtained for the working conditions of different rotation speeds, and the effects of different parameter settings on the sampling efficiency are analyzed. In addition, a set of rotating symmetrical sampling wheel brush devices is built for the ground test, and the dynamic torque sensor is used to test the torque change of the wheel brush during the sampling process. The relationship between the speed of the wheel brush and the driving torque of the wheel brush motor is determined by comparing the simulation results with the test results. Results indicate that when the rotating speed of the wheel brush is faster, the sampling efficiency is higher, and the driving torque required for the sampling wheel brush is greater. Moreover, a numerical simulation analysis of the sampling process of the wheel brush sampler in a microgravity environment is conducted to determine the optimal speed condition, and the brushing test of the wheel brush sampler in the microgravity environment is verified with the drop tower method. This research proposes the structural optimization design and motor selection of a wheel brush asteroid sampler, which provides important reference value and engineering significance.

关键词： asteroid sampling wheel brush sampler discrete element method parameter calibration experimental research

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Numerical and experimental analyses of methane leakage in shield tunnel

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》页码 1011-1020 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0956-z

摘要： Tunnels constructed in gas-bearing strata are affected by the potential leakage of harmful gases, such as methane gas. Based on the basic principles of computational fluid dynamics, a numerical analysis was performed to simulate the ventilation and diffusion of harmful gases in a shield tunnel, and the effect of ventilation airflow speed on the diffusion of harmful gases was evaluated. As the airflow speed increased from 1.8 to 5.4 m/s, the methane emission was diluted, and the methane accumulation was only observed in the area near the methane leakage channels. The influence of increased ventilation airflow velocity was dominant for the ventilation modes with two and four fans. In addition, laboratory tests on methane leakage through segment joints were performed. The results show that the leakage process can be divided into “rapid leakage” and “slight leakage”, depending on the leakage pressure and the state of joint deformation. Based on the numerical and experimental analysis results, a relationship between the safety level and the joint deformation is established, which can be used as guidelines for maintaining utility tunnels.

关键词： shield tunnel harmful gas leakage numerical analysis laboratory test

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Joint slip investigation based on finite element modelling verified by experimental results on wind turbine

Saleh YAGHOOBI, Ahmad SHOOSHTARI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第3期页码 341-351 doi: 10.1007/s11709-017-0393-y

摘要：

Slippage corresponds to the relative displacement of a bolted joint subjected to shear loads since the construction clearance between the bolt shank and the bolthole at assembly can cause joint slip. Deflections of towers with joint slippage effects is up to 1.9 times greater than the displacements obtained by linear analytical methods. In this study, 8 different types of joints are modelled and studied in the finite element program, and the results are verified by the experimental results which have been done in the laboratory. Moreover, several types of joints have been modelled and studied and load-deformation curves have also been presented. Finally, joint slip data for different types of angles, bolt diameter and bolt arrangements are generated. Thereupon, damping ratios (z) for different types of connections are reported. The study can be useful to help in designing of wind turbine towers with a higher level of accuracy and safety.

关键词： Joint slip cyclic loading Finite element modelling Experimental joint behavior damping ratios (

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New experimental technique to determine coal self-ignition duration

ZHANG Xinhai, XI Guang, ZHANG Xinhai

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 479-483 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0058-6

摘要： An artificial neural network (ANN) model was adopted to simulate the relationship between self-ignition duration and sulfur content, ash content, oxygen consumption rate, carbon monoxide as well as carbon dioxide generation rate of coal at different temperatures of self heating process. The data from spontaneous combustion experiments were used for ANN training to obtain the connection strength between nerve cells. An oil-bath programmed temperature experiment device was designed and the experimental condition and the size of the test tube were determined for testing the oxygen consumption and the gases generation rate of coal during self-heating process. The sulfur content, the ash content and the data from the oil-bath experiment were taken as ANN inputs to calculate the experiment self-ignition duration of coal. Compared with spontaneous combustion experiment, less than 1% of coal sample and 10% of time are required with an error of less than 3 days to test self-ignition duration of coal.

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增材制造技术在假肢矫形器领域的应用 Review

王岩, 谭启涛, 蒲放, David Boone, 张明

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第11期页码 1258-1266 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.07.019

摘要：

假肢和矫形器是常见的用以代偿或补偿机体障碍人士功能需求的辅助设备。假肢矫形器的传统制造方法是一个耗时且劳动密集的过程，并存在严重的材料浪费问题。这些问题随着增材制造（AM）技术的发展和应用迎刃而解。人们已经进行了大量的理论和实践尝试，但将该技术真正用以制造假肢矫形器并满足临床需要还存在很大挑战。现存的挑战之一是缺乏一个集成AM技术和操作过程的系统框架。另外，如何基于该技术设计出同时满足功能性和舒适性需求的产品也是待解决的问题。本研究回顾了AM技术在制造假肢矫形器方面的应用现状，并对基于计算分析的产品优化设计方法和生物力学评估做了讨论。我们还设计了一个系统框架，该框架融合了从目标肢体的医学影像扫描到高适配性能产品的全过程。该过程还包含了用有限元方法进行产品优化设计和生物力学评估的环节。一个完善的系统框架能够高效地制造出满足生物力学性能需求的产品，从而大大促进AM技术在假肢矫形器领域中的应用。

关键词：增材制造肌肉骨骼系统生物力学计算模型假肢矫形器 3D打印

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Water pumping analysis and experimental validation of beach well infiltration intake system in a seawater

Huan ZHANG,Shu LIU,Xuejing ZHENG,Gaofeng CHEN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 335-342 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0365-7

摘要： Based on energy conservation equation and Darcy’s law, a model of beach well infiltration intake system applied in a seawater source heat pump system was established. The model consists of the seawater seepage and the heat transfer process. A porous medium model in a software named FLUENT was applied to simulate the seepage and the heat transfer process. This model was also validated by field experiment conducted on the seashore in Tianjin, China. The maximum relative error between simulation results and experimental results was 2.1% (less than 5%), which was acceptable in engineering application. The porosity and coefficient of thermal conductivity of the aquifer soil were determined to be 0.49 W/(m·K) and 1.46 W/(m·K), respectively in the simulation. In addition, the influencing factors of pumping water of beach well were also analyzed. The pumping water was found to increase when the distance between the beach well and the impervious boundary becomes longer, when the distance between the beach well and the supplying water source shortens, when the diameter of the beach well enlarges, and the drawdown enlarges.

关键词： water pumping analysis experimental validation infiltration intake system seawater source heat pump

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consistent geometric decomposition theorem to dynamic finite element of 3D composite beam based on experimental

Iman FATTAHI, Hamid Reza MIRDAMADI, Hamid ABDOLLAHI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第3期页码 675-689 doi: 10.1007/s11709-020-0625-4

摘要： Analyzing static and dynamic problems including composite structures has been of high significance in research efforts and industrial applications. In this article, equivalent single layer approach is utilized for dynamic finite element procedures of 3D composite beam as the building block of numerous composite structures. In this model, both displacement and strain fields are decomposed into cross-sectional and longitudinal components, called consistent geometric decomposition theorem. Then, the model is discretized using finite element procedures. Two local coordinate systems and a global one are defined to decouple mechanical degrees of freedom. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of consistent geometric decomposition theorem, the transformation and element mass matrices for those systems are introduced here for the first time. The same decomposition idea can be used for developing element stiffness matrix. Finally, comprehensive validations are conducted for the theory against experimental and numerical results in two case studies and for various conditions.

关键词： composite beam dynamic finite element degrees of freedom coupling experimental validation numerical validation

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Experimental research on cyclone performance at high temperature

LI Wenqi, CHEN Jianyi

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第2卷第3期页码 310-317 doi: 10.1007/s11465-007-0055-1

摘要： To predict the influence of operating temperatures on cyclone performance, an experimental investigation was conducted on particle separation in a reverse flow, tangential volute-inlet cyclone separator with a diameter of 300 mm and with air heated up to 973 K. The test powder silica has a mass median diameter of 10 um, while inlet velocity range was 12-36 m/s. Both the separation efficiency and pressure drop of the cyclone were measured as a function of the inlet velocity and operating temperature. At the same inlet velocity, both the separation efficiency and pressure drop decrease with increasing temperature. In addition, optimum inlet velocity, at which the cyclone has its highest separation efficiency, tends to increase with a rise in temperature. An analysis on our own data and published results has shown that the fractional efficiency of a cyclone is a definite function of dimensionless numbers such as the Stokes number, the Reynolds number, the Froude number, dimensionless cyclone inlet area, and dimensionless outlet diameter. A nondimensional experimental correlation of the cyclone performance, including the influence of temperature, was obtained on the basis of our own previous work. The prediction of the influence of temperature on separation efficiencies and pressure drops is in fairly good agreement with experimental results.

关键词： diameter definite function nondimensional experimental cyclone performance influence

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An experimental study on the flexural behavior of heavily steel reinforced beams with high-strength concrete

Yasser SHARIFI, Ali Akbar MAGHSOUDI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第1期页码 46-56 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0237-y

摘要： In recent years, an emerging technology termed high-strength concrete (HSC) has become popular in construction industry. Present study describes an experimental research on the behavior of high-strength concrete beams in ultimate and service state. Six simply supported beams were tested, by applying comprising two symmetric concentrated loads. Tests are reported in this study on the flexural behavior of high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) beams made with coarse and fine aggregate together with Microsilica. Test parameter considered includes effect of being compressive reinforcement. Based on the obtained results, the behavior of such members is more deeply reviewed. Also a comparison between theoretical and experimental results is reported here. The beams were made from concrete having compressive strength of 66.81–77.72 N/mm and percentage reinforcement ratio ( / ) in the range of 0.56% – 1.20%. The ultimate moment for the tested beams was found to be in a good agreement with that of the predicted ultimate moment based on ACI 318-11, ACI 363 and CSA-04 provisions. The predicted deflection based classical formulation based on code provisions for serviceability requirements is found to underestimate the maximum deflection of HSC reinforced beams at service load.

关键词： high-strength concrete (HSC) members flexural behavior reinforced concrete experimental results ultimate moment

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On braced trapezoidal corrugated steel shear panels: An experimental and numerical study

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 396-410 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0934-5

摘要： In this study, a new system consisting of a combination of braces and steel infill panels called the braced corrugated steel shear panel (BCSSP) is presented. To obtain the hysteretic behavior of the proposed system, the quasi-static cyclic performances of two experimental specimens were first evaluated. The finite element modeling method was then verified based on the obtained experimental results. Additional numerical evaluations were carried out to investigate the effects of different parameters on the system. Subsequently, a relationship was established to estimate the buckling shear strength of the system without considering residual stresses. The results obtained from the parametric study indicate that the corrugated steel shear panel (CSSP) with the specifications of a = 30 mm, t = 2 mm, and θ = 90° had the highest energy dissipation capacity and ultimate strength while the CSSP with the specifications of a = 30 mm, t = 2 mm, and θ = 30° had the highest initial stiffness. It can thus be concluded that the latter CSSP has the best structural performance and that increasing the number of corrugations, corrugation angle, and plate thickness and decreasing the sub-panel width generally enhance the performance of CSSPs in terms of the stability of their hysteretic behaviors.

关键词： trapezoidal corrugated plate steel shear panel braced steel shear panel experimental study buckling resistance.